La maternitat ha sigut un tema incòmode per al feminisme. El binomi ‘dona-mare’ imposat pel patriarcat ha fet que una part molt significativa del feminisme rebutgés la maternitat ‘per se’, la negués, l’obviés, la invisibilitzés. “Les dones són esclaves de la maternitat. La maternitat és una presó”, afirmava l’escriptora feminista egípcia Nawal El Saadawi. Per a algunes feministes, ser mare és una maledicció. Tanmateix, no és la maternitat en si mateixa el que fa que sigui una pesada càrrega, sinó el jou en què l’ha convertit el sistema patriarcal.
L’ideal de mare no és resultat de la capacitat biològica que tenim per gestar, parir i alletar sinó d’una operació cultural i simbòlica que construeix la identitat femenina de manera única i homogènia entorn del fet de ser mares. Es tracta d’un arquetip de maternitat, en què tots els possibles anhels de la dona es restringeixen a un de sol: el de tenir criatures. Un imaginari matern que s’ha reproduït pels segles dels segles.
Un instrument de supeditació
Ja ho deia la psicòloga feminista Victòria Sau, “en cada temps i lloc són els homes que decideixen com ha de ser, com ha d’actuar, què ha de fer” la mare. Aquesta dona que s’ha convertit en “un fantasma”, per no tenir espai real ni simbòlic, en un món que gira sobre “un eix masculí egocèntric”.
La maternitat ha estat utilitzada pel patriarcat com un instrument de supeditació, l’única destinació per a les dones que ens relegava a l’àmbit domèstic, privat i invisible. Mentrestant, els homes apareixien com a lliures de responsabilitats d’atencions i sense lligams per intervenir en la vida pública. En canvi, la maternitat era un obstacle per a la igualtat i l’autonomia plena a què aspiraven les dones.
La segona onada de feminisme dels anys 60 i 70, a l’empara dels moviments socials i polítics de l’època, es va alçar, com era necessari, contra la “santíssima maternitat”, apel·lant a una sexualitat al marge de la reproducció i a poder decidir sobre el nostre cos, aconseguint avenços importantíssims en matèria de contracepció i de dret a l’avortament. Tanmateix, aquesta rebel·lió va acabar negant el fet mateix de ser mare, i fins i tot en alguns àmbits va caure en un cert discurs antireproductiu.
Simone de Beauvoir ho deixava clar a la seva coneguda obra ‘El segon sexe’ (1949) quan afirmava que la maternitat era “una tara” que s’havia de superar. Ser mare constatava la supeditació de la dona a l’espècie i a la naturalesa. La dona com a presonera, afirmava l’escriptora i filòsofa, d’un cos que menstrua, procrea, s’embarassa i pareix. Un cos que, en definitiva, la traeix. Mentre que l’home queda lliure d’aquest destí, ja que els seus atributs genitals no li obstaculitzen l’experiència individual.
No va ser fins a l’obra d’Adrienne Rich, a ‘Nacida de mujer’ (1978), que les feministes van poder reconciliar-se amb la maternitat. Davant d’una maternitat forçada, l’emancipació de la dona passava per defensar, segons l’autora, les potencialitats sexuals, reproductores i maternals. No es tractava d’impugnar la maternitat, sinó el sentit en què la restringia el patriarcat, acabar amb “la institució maternal”, generadora de submissió, i defensar el cos de la dona, el nostre físic, la nostra biologia, “com un recurs, en lloc d’una destinació”. Un retrobament amb la maternitat que no ens hauria de portar a sacralitzar-la de nou.
Un projecte emancipador
El patriarcat i el capitalisme han segrestat la maternitat, i l’han utilitzat com una arma per subordinar les dones. Però quan des de determinats àmbits del feminisme es redueix la maternitat a aquesta accepció, també s’ignora la capacitat de les dones de dotar-la d’un sentit propi, emmarcant-la en una societat igualitària.
Acceptar la “maternitat patriarcal” com a l’única possible significa renunciar a una perspectiva feminista, a concebre-la en un projecte de vida emancipador. Negar la maternitat implica girar l’esquena a totes aquestes dones mares, deixant-nos òrfenes de discurs i referents, cosa que de facto comporta continuar normativitzant el fet de ser mare sota els preceptes tradicionals del patriarcat. No es tracta d’idealitzar la maternitat, ni de tenir una mirada romàntica ni essencialista, sinó de reconèixer el seu paper fonamental en la reproducció social i atorgar-li el valor històric i polític que té.
Si el meu cos és meu, ho és també per decidir si vull ser mare, i escollir com vull viure el fet de ser-ho. Hi ha vida més enllà de la “maternitat patriarcal” imposada.
Esther Vives, periodista, envía y autoriza la publicación.
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